This Date in Aviation History: January 9 - January 11

"ttyymmnn" (ttyymmnn) 01/11/2019 at 12:35 • Filed to: wingspan, Planelopnik, planelopnik history

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Welcome to This Date in Aviation History , getting of you caught up on milestones, important historical events and people in aviation from January 9 through January 11.

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A Lockheed L-1649 Constellation of Trans World Airlines (NASA)

January 9, 1943 – The first flight of the Lockheed Constellation. With its graceful curves, the Lockheed Constellation, nicknamed “Connie,” is arguably one of the most beautiful aircraft ever designed. But the comely Connie started life as a much more plain Jane aircraft, the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a run of the mill, four-engine transport that never entered production. In 1939, eccentric billionaire !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , owner of Transcontinental & Western Airlines (which would later become TWA), held a meeting with !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the president of T&WA, along with other Lockheed executives. Hughes expressed his desire for a new large passenger airliner, and he felt that the Excalibur wouldn’t meet his needs. So the Lockheed engineers, including !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , who was destined to become one of America’s greatest aviation engineers, went back to the drawing board. A mere three weeks later, they presented Hughes with the initial plans for the Connie, now designated L-049.

The first Constellation in US Army Air Forces livery, where it was known as the C-69 (San Diego Air and Space Museum)

The Constellation was a truly modern airliner, and featured electric de-icing, hydraulic assisted controls and variable pitch propellers. The wings were patterned after the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which had been designed by Kelly Johnson. The Connie was powered by a quartet of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! radial engines and was also pressurized to allow for high altitude flight. At the time, the Connie was the most expensive airliner ever produced, and Hughes himself funded the purchase of 40 aircraft since T&WA didn’t have the funds to pay for them. By bankrolling the purchase, Hughes got to weigh in on the design, and he brought in famed designer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! to redesign the cabin to his liking.

Production of the Constellation was a tightly held secret, since Hughes didn’t want Pan Am or any other rival air carriers to know about his new airliner. But the secret was revealed when the US Army came to inspect Lockheed’s production facility a few months before the war. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Lockheed’s production lines became the property of the US government, and production of the Constellation would have to wait until the Army got theirs first. Thus, the first flight of the L-049 Constellation was actually the first flight of the Lockheed C-69, which was its military designation. The Army ordered 260 C-69s for cargo and troop transport, and even considered converting it into a bomber. But problems with the engines led to delays that caused the Army to reduce its order to 73 aircraft. Eventually, only 22 C-69s were built, and just 15 were delivered.

Lockheed EC-121D Warning Star over Thailand in 1972 (US Air Force)

Following the war, Lockheed production returned to the civilian market, with military Connies converted to civilian aircraft. Improvements were made to those already under construction, such as the addition of a luxury interior, more windows, a galley, and crew rest areas, along with better ventilation and heating. And, since the C-69 had already been tested and flown by the Army, Lockheed was far ahead of its competitors, who were still working on their own post-war designs. The first production L-049 flew on July 12, 1945 and was delivered to TWA four months later. The first commercial flight was from New York City to Paris, a trip that took nearly 17 hours with stops for fuel in Newfoundland and Ireland. The Connie proved to be a remarkably adaptable airplane. Future variants to its civilian version added increased speed, passenger space and range, and the improved C-121 Constellation (L-749) joined the Air Force as a transport and cargo aircraft., while the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! electronic surveillance variant served the US Air Force into the 1980s. The military retired their Constellations in the 1970s, but some passenger Connies flew into the 1980s before being retired.

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January 9, 1941 – The first flight of the Avro Lancaster. In the 1930s, the US and Britain were following different tacks in the development of strategic bombers. The Americans were tending towards four-engine aircraft, while the British, who were concerned with the ability to produce enough engines, put their efforts into twin-engine bombers in the belief that having two very powerful engines was a better arrangement than four smaller ones. In 1936, A.V. Roe, better known as Avro, produced the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a twin-engine bomber that was powered by two 24-cylinder !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engines. Despite the promise of these large !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engines, the Manchester was underpowered and only built in small numbers. But it was the Manchester that provided the basis for the mighty Lancaster that followed.

The twin-engine Avro Manchester served as the basis for the four-engine Lancaster. Note the center vertical stabilizer of the Manchester Mk 1 which was removed in the Mk 2 and Lancaster variants. (UK Government)

By 1936, the RAF came to the conclusion that four engines were indeed better than two. Seeing the results of efforts in the US and Russia, which demonstrated that four smaller engines provided good lifting power as well as better range, the British began work to develop of their own four-engine bomber. Three new heavy bombers came out of this effort: the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and the Avro Lancaster. For the Lancaster, Avro chief design engineer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! began with the Manchester and enlarged it to carry more payload and fitted it with four !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! engines. While not as powerful as the Vulture, the Merlins were more reliable, and would become perhaps the greatest inline engine of the war. With its Merlins, the Lancaster made use of the podded “ !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! ” concept developed by the Germans, where entire engines and ancillary equipment could be changed out as a single unit or swapped between comparable aircraft. The first Lancaster prototype featured the twin-lobed tail and stubby vertical stabilizer from the first Manchesters, but that arrangement was abandoned in favor of removing the central fin and enlarging the lobes. Not only did this improve stability, it also provided a clearer field of fire for the dorsal gunner. Of particular importance to the design of the Lancaster was its enormous bomb bay. With an unobstructed length of 33 feet, the Lancaster was able to carry a wide variety of payloads, including the 12,000-pound Tall Boy and 22,000-pound Grand Slam strategic !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! developed by British engineer !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

A view of the Lancaster’s long bomb bay showing a typical bomb load for a nighttime area bombing raid: one 4,000 impact-fused high-capacity bomb, called a “cookie,” and 12 Small Bomb Containers (SBCs) each loaded with incendiaries. (RAF)

The Lancaster entered service with RAF Bomber Command in March 1942 with a mine-laying mission near the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and a bombing mission over the German city of Essen. It soon became the principal nighttime bomber in use by the RAF and the RCAF and, by 1945, Lancasters had dropped 618,378 US tons of bombs over the course of 156,000 sorties. Though the Lancaster was a rugged aircraft, only 35 managed to complete more than 100 missions, and the longest surviving Lancaster, which completed 139 missions, was retired and scrapped in 1947. In addition to its role as a nighttime !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , the Lancaster also took part in precision daylight raids, including dropping the Tall Boy and Grand Slam bombs, the largest non-nuclear bombs deployed until 2017, against German U-boat pens. Lancasters were also modified to carry Barnes Wallis’ bouncing dam buster bombs during !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which attacked dams in the Ruhr Valley in an attempt to destroy German power generation, industrial water use and farm production.

An Avro Lancastrian (G-AGLF) of British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) at Bournemouth in 1945 (UK Government)

But the “Lanc” proved to be a versatile aircraft that performed beyond dropping bombs. Lancasters served as a test bed for nascent turbojet engines and early turboprop engines, and the former bomber was used to ferry prisoners of war back to the British Isles, and continued in Canadian service until 1963. It was also developed into a transatlantic passenger and mail plane known as the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . Lancastrians played a vital role in the Berlin Airlift, and one took part in a 1945 mission to locate the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Lancaster was further developed into the larger !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which replaced the Lancaster and was the last piston-powered bomber flown by the RAF. A total of 7,377 Lancasters were built in England and Canada, the most of any British heavy bomber.

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January 10, 1990 – The first flight of the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. Passenger aviation entered the jet age with the de Havilland Comet, and aircraft that followed, such as the four-engine !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! helped usher in global air travel. But the commercial aviation industry grew, the development of the jet airliner became a race for bigger and bigger aircraft that could carry more passengers to farther destinations. In the early era of the jet airliner, those range and capacity goals could only be met by stretching the length of current, single-aisle airliners to their limit. Thoughts turned to a double-decker airliner, something that had been done with modest success in the piston era, but the ultimate solution lay not in lengthening the airliner but in widening it to allow for a second aisle. The first of what came to be known as the wide-body class of airliners arrived in 1969 with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , an aircraft that was also a partial double-decker.

While the majority of airliners of the early jet era featured either two or four engines slung under the wings, the idea of using three engines was first put to use commercially in the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , which took their maiden flights in 1962 and 1963. The !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! combined the trijet concept with the wide body airliner, an arrangement that had certain benefits. With one engine on each wing and a third centered on the tail, the airliner’s wing could be moved farther aft, along with its center of gravity (COG). Having more room in the center of the airliner allowed for quicker loading and unloading of passengers, and the rearward COG improved efficiency, though it did introduce some handling difficulties. Though it suffered some early difficulties in its development, including some high profile crashes, the DC-10 eventually became a reliable people hauler and cargo aircraft.

But, by 1976, McDonnell Douglas began work on developing a more advanced version of their wide-body tri-jet. They considered stretched versions of the existing DC-10, but when customers showed no interest, they continued their search for a new airliner. By 1984, they had settled on two versions of what would be called the MD-11. The first was called the MD-11X-10 and was based on a DC-10-30 with a range of 6,500 miles. The second was the MD-11X-20, which would have a longer fuselage to accommodate up to 331 passengers with a range of 6,000 miles. By the end of 1986, McDonnell Douglas had 52 firm orders from 10 airlines in three different versions: passenger, combined passenger and freight (combi), and freighter. While based on the DC-10 and bearing a strong resemblance to its predecessor, the MD-11 has a stretched fuselage and increased wingspan with winglets that improve fuel efficiency. A combination of newer, more efficient high-bypass turbofan engines and an increased use of composites help to reduce weight and extend range. The advanced cockpit has a crew of two, removing the need for a flight engineer. It also employs what McDonnell Douglas called the Advanced Common Flightdeck (ACF) that it shares with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (the final variant of the DC-9 series following the merger of McDonnell Douglas and Boeing in 1997). Finnair received the first MD-11 into service in 1990, and the 200th and final MD-11 was delivered to Sabena in April 1998.

A Lufthansa Cargo MD-11F lands at Dallas-Fort Worth Airport (Tim Shaffer)

Though the trijet configuration had its benefits, advances in jet engine technology eventually outweighed the benefits of three engines, and airlines began to switch to more efficient twinjets. Ultimately, the MD-11 was a victim of a lack of sales caused by competition with other aircraft in the Boeing line, particularly the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , as well as competition from the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and only 200 were built. KLM was the last airline to operate the MD-11 as a passenger carrier, and the company sold their last two airliners to a Russian cargo company in 2009. Though retired as a passenger airliner, the MD-11 remains in service today as a freighter.  

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McDonnell F2H-2N Banshee (US Navy)

January 11, 1947 – The first flight of the McDonnell F2H Banshee. With the arrival of the jet engine during WWII, the US Navy was keen to take advantage of the new technology. They were impressed with the work done by fledgling aircraft designer James McDonnell on the radical XP-67, so the Navy enlisted McDonnell to develop a jet fighter that could operate from the decks of Navy carriers. The aircraft that came out of this work was the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a twin-engine, straight-wing fighter that, while only built in small numbers, proved that jet operations were feasible. But even as the Phantom was making a name for itself as the first pure jet aircraft to operate from an aircraft carrier, McDonnell was already working on a successor before the Phantom even entered production.

The McDonnell FH Phantom, which formed the basis for the F2H Banshee (US Navy)

The Banshee, as the new fighter was called, was essentially an enlarged Phantom, but the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! turbojet engines provided almost twice the power of the Phantom’s J30s. Other improvements included the repositioning of the guns to below the nose to avoid blinding the pilot while firing at night, a pressurized air-conditioned cockpit, and bulletproof canopy glass that was heated to prevent frost. Since the Banshee shared a lineage with the earlier Phantom, commonalities between the two fighters allowed McDonnell to complete the prototype just three months after the first Phantoms came off the production line. And, following their experience of the Phantom, the Navy was able to have the Banshee operating with minimal flight testing.

An early production model F2H-1 Banshee. Note the shorter fuselage and lack of wingtip fuel tanks. (US Navy)

As with all early turbojet-powered aircraft, range was an issue with the first Banshees. To address this deficiency, McDonnell added a 13-inch section to the fuselage which increased fuel capacity by 176 gallons, and permanent wingtip tanks were installed that added another 400 gallons. This aircraft became the F2H-2 and was the most-produced variant of the 895 aircraft built by McDonnell. Eight underwing hard points could hold nearly 1,600 pounds of external stores, and more powerful J34-WE-34 turbojets pushed the Banshee to 580 mph in level flight.

F2H-2 Banshees of Fighter Squadron 172 (VF-172) “Blue Bolts” returning to the aircraft carrier USS Essex (CV-9) during the Korean War (US Navy)

The Banshee was introduced into Navy and Marine Corps service in 1948 and became one of the primary US aircraft flown during the Korean War, where it was affectionally called “Banjo” by its pilots. Initially employed as a high-altitude escort for American bombers, the destruction of the North Korean air force soon freed up the Banshee to take over low level ground attack missions. Since most of their missions were flown over South Korea, and not near the Yalu River bordering China to the north, the Banshee never had to mix with Chinese fighters coming south, and therefore scored no air-to-air victories during the war. As a result, only three Banshees were lost, all to ground fire. In the era before antiaircraft missiles, the speed of the Banshee also made it an invaluable asset as a reconnaissance aircraft, where it could fly high and fast above the battlefield and was practically immune to antiaircraft fire. Despite its excellent service, advances in swept-wing fighters led the Navy to retire the Banshee in 1959 in favor of more modern designs. But McDonnell continued to provide the US Navy with fighters, first with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , and then with the remarkable !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a more than worthy heir to the Phantom name.

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Short Takeoff

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January 9, 1963 – The first flight of the Hawker Siddeley HS 121 Trident, a short- to medium-range airliner and the first to feature a third engine on the fuselage centerline. While the Trident’s design was unique for its era, political infighting in the British government over what form the new airliner would take delayed delivery until after the appearance of the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , a similar tri-jet configuration, and seriously hampered sales of the new airliner. Seating up to 140 passengers depending on variant, the Trident flew for the airlines of eight nations, as well as the militaries of China and Pakistan. By the time the Trident ceased production, only 117 had been built, while Boeing would eventually complete over 1,800 727s.

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(Authors unknown)

January 9, 1951 – The first flight of the Tupolev Tu-85. On four different occasions in 1944, US !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! bombers attacking Japan were forced to make an emergency landing in Russia. Rather than return the bombers, the Soviets kept them and Tupolev made exact duplicates which were designated !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . The Tu-85 (NATO reporting name “Barge”) was a greatly enlarged variant of the Tu-4, being nearly 50% heavier and having almost twice the range, though still without the necessary range to attack the US from Russia. After the B-29 proved susceptible to attack by more modern !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! fighters over Korea, the Russians halted development of the Tu-85 after two prototypes, choosing instead to develop the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! which remains in service today.

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Halliburton, left (Author unknown)

January 9, 1900 – The birth of Richard Halliburton. The 1930s was a wild era of barnstorming, exploration and daredevilry, and one of the more famous daredevils was Richard Halliburton. Halliburton initially found fame after swimming the length of the Panama Canal while paying a toll of just 39 cents, and was the first to climb Mt. Fuji in winter. His contribution to aviation history stems from an epic, round-the-world flight in a modified !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! named Flying Carpet with pilot !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! (eventual co-founder of Northrop Aviation) at the controls. Halliburton called it “one of the most fantastic, extended air journeys ever recorded,” taking 18 months and covering 33,660 miles while visiting 34 countries. Halliburton died (presumed) in 1939 while attempting to cross the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to San Francisco in a Chinese junk.

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(Author unknown)

January 10, 1967 – The death of Laura Houghtaling Ingalls, a pioneering aviatrix and winner of the prestigious !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! for her 1934 flight in a !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! from Mexico to Chile, then across the Andes to Rio de Janeiro, then to Cuba and finally to Floyd Bennett Field in New York. The flight was the first over the Andes by a woman and the first flight by a woman from North America to South America. It also set a distance record for woman pilots of 17,000 miles. In 1942, Ingalls was convicted of serving as a publicity agent for the Nazis by accepting money from the German embassy while encouraging American non-intervention in WWII. Sentenced to up to 8 years in prison, Ingalls was released in 1943 and applied for, but never received, a presidential pardon despite support from WWI fighter ace and Medal of Honor recipient !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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(US Air Force)

January 10, 1964 – A Boeing B-52H Stratofortess has its vertical stabilizer sheared off by turbulence but lands safely. The !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , on loan from the US Air Force and flying with a 4-man civilian crew, was on a test mission to record sensor data for high speed, low altitude flight. Over New Mexico’s Sangre de Christo mountains, the crew encountered severe turbulence at 14,000 feet, and though it lasted only 9 seconds, it was so severe that the vertical stabilizer was torn off the Stratofortress. In spite of the loss of yaw control from the missing stabilizer, and a center of gravity that had shifted due to the loss of the approximately 2000-pound fin, the crew managed to control the aircraft and call for assistance from chase planes and Boeing engineers on the ground. After flying for five hours, they diverted to Blytheville, Arkansas for more favorable weather conditions and landed the bomber without incident. The Air Force produced a safety film about the incident titled !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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(Imperial War Museum)

January 11, 1944 – USAAF Major James Howard earns the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions on a bombing mission over Germany. While on a mission to protect US bombers on a mission over Germany, Howard’s formation was attacked by a large number of German fighters. Finding himself alone after the other elements of his wing had moved to the rear of the formation, Howard saw more than 30 German fighters attacking the lead elements of the formation. Despite being hopelessly outnumbered, Howard pressed the attack in his P-51, eventually shooting down as many as six enemy fighters in a fight that lasted 30 minutes. He continued to swoop at the remaining fighters after he had run out of ammunition and his fuel had run critically low. When he retuned to base, he reportedly discovered just a single bullet hole in his Mustang. For his actions, Howard was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor and promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. He survived the war, retired from the US Air Force as a Brigadier General, and died in 1995 at age 81.

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(US Navy)

January 11, 1988 – The death of Gregory “Pappy” Boyington. Born on December 4, 1912 in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, Boyington began his military flying career as an aviation cadet in the US Marine Corps Reserve before resigning his commission to fly with the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , better known as the Flying Tigers, fighting for Nationalist China against the Japanese. Returning to the USMC in 1942 at the rank of major, Boyington became famous as the commander of !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! , better known as the Black Sheep, a squadron flying the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! in the Pacific. In January 1944, Boyington tied the record of famed WWI ace !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! with 26 victories, but was then shot down and ended the war as a POW. Following the war, Boyington received the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! and the !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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Connecting Flights

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If you enjoy these Aviation History posts, please let me know in the comments. And if you missed any of the past articles, you can find them all at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! . You can also find more stories about aviation, aviators and airplane oddities at !!!error: Indecipherable SUB-paragraph formatting!!! .

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TheRealBicycleBuck > ttyymmnn 01/11/2019 at 12:41

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I didn’t know there was a connection between the Connie and the forked-tail devil (one of my favorite planes)! I learn something new on every one of these posts!

ttyymmnn > TheRealBicycleBuck 01/11/2019 at 12:43

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Thanks! I do, too!

facw > ttyymmnn 01/11/2019 at 12:51

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I’m I had read about that B-52 before, but hadn’t realized they flew like a third-of the way across the country to land it. I feel like you would have wanted to get down sooner, but I guess it worked out, so maybe it was a good plan.

RamblinRover Luxury-Yacht > ttyymmnn 01/11/2019 at 13:18

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Because Laurens Hammond is in this post, here is a tone wheel array:

Also, regarding the Banshee, I will again recommend The Naval Air War in Korea by Richard P. Hallion.

Distraxi's idea of perfection is a Jagroen > ttyymmnn 01/11/2019 at 13:31

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The Lancaster was also in service with France till (at least) 1963. The one in my local museum was built in 45 and served until 63 with the Aéronavale ( French Naval Air Arm), based out of Noumea.

Turns out the Aéronavale ‘s flown all sorts of obscure things over the years: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Naval_Aviation

Darkbrador > ttyymmnn 01/11/2019 at 14:15

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Maybe I need more coffee ... Haliburton died in a Ch inese junk ? ... I need more coffee ... 

ttyymmnn > Darkbrador 01/11/2019 at 14:49

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Dude was an adventurer.

facw > Distraxi's idea of perfection is a Jagroen 01/11/2019 at 22:33

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I’ve always loved the dark blue- green schemes the French used on their F-8's at the end of service lives:

Rusty Vandura - www.tinyurl.com/keepoppo > ttyymmnn 01/13/2019 at 20:50

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Doesn’t the KC-10 deserve a mention?

ttyymmnn > Rusty Vandura - www.tinyurl.com/keepoppo 01/13/2019 at 20:56

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The KC-10 got its own long entry.

https://www.google.com/amp/s/oppositelock.kinja.com/this-date-in-aviation-history-july-11-july-13-1827169711/amp